Steel (from recycled steel): 6-15MJ (1,665 to 4,170 watt-hours). Aluminum (from 100 % recycled aluminum): 11.35-17MJ (3,150 to 4,750 watt-hours) Iron (from iron ore): 20-25MJ (5,550 to 6,950 watt-hours) Glass (from sand, etcetera): 18-35MJ (5,000 to 9,700 watt-hours) It is one of the building blocks of civilisation. Four technology- They also use diesel fuel for surface hauling of ore to the mill. A two-megawatt windmill contains 260 tonnes of steel requiring 170 tonnes of coking coal and 300 tonnes of iron ore, all mined, transported and produced by hydrocarbons. Specific heat capacity. 1 r-1 , , 1 1 11 ! Turbine Models Used in Current and Future Materials Usage Estimates Turbine Make Rated Power (kW) Southwest Windpower 0.4, 1.0 They also tend to produce (and fail to control) much higher levels of PFCs that have 6,000-9,000 times the global warming potential of CO2. To make the steel required for wind turbines that might operate by 2030, you’d need fossil fuels equivalent to more than 600 million metric tons of coal. Many turbine components are domestically sourced and manufactured in the United States (Wind Technologies Market Report). We then estimate the possibility of reducing absolute material production energy by half, while doubling production from the present to 2050. WEC also considered an “environmentally driven scenario” that has much faster growth if national policies were adjusted. Hydrogen has about five times the energy content per ton as … Energy Efficiency and Iron and Steel Production. The material waste in … Coal is used as an energy source in cement production. Photo: HJ Mueller "For Integrated steelmaking, the primary sources of GHG emissions are blast furnace stoves (43 percent), miscellaneous combustion sources burning … BF-BOF Reference value is 17.674 GJ / t Crude Steel or a gap of 1.26 GJ / tonne of Crude Steel or 6.6% saving. From WSJ If You Want ‘Renewable Energy,’ Get Ready to Dig Building one wind turbine requires 900 tons of steel, 2,500 tons of concrete and 45 tons of plastic. Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon (0.002% - 2.1% by weight), and with other metals as needed. Secondary steelmaking involves treating the molten steel produced from both BOS and EAF routes to adjust the steel composition. The use of recycling in the manufacturing process of these metals has been a main driver of improvements in energy efficiency within the industry. - For the EAF route this is less as they are not as complex and use as energy mainly electricity. Simple windmills were used to pump water in China before 200 B.C. Steel used in turbine construction embodies typically about 35 gigajoules per metric ton. That scenario projected 470 GW of wind power by 2020. Approximately 155 pounds of explosives 1 MW of wind turbine capacity requires 230 tons of coal for the steel. If available it can also be used as source of heat in various furnaces. ENERGY USE IN THE U.S. STEEL INDUSTRY: AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES September 2000 Dr. John Stubbles Steel Industry Consultant Mason, Ohio prepared under contract to Energetics, Inc. Columbia, MD for the U.S. Department of Energy … Table 1:Steelmaking energy use (1 × 109J / metric ton). Figure 7-l. -Open-pit Mine Energy Use 1. 721 million tons of coal per 1,400 million tons of steel. The Energy Price Scandal: A Fair Power Deal for UK Steel shows that in the UK, the average electricity price for steel producers this year is around £65 per megawatt hour (MWh), compared with Germany at £43/MWh and France at £31/MWh. Energy use in steelmaking Steel production is energy intensive. • When carbon is used in the EAF, about 38% of the CO must be post combusted to CO 2 to For example, Graedel & Cao [1] point out that there is a correlation between rates of metal usage and gross domestic product (R2=0.7964), with per capita metal use 120x10 6 J/3600s is 33.4x10 3 watts, or 33.4kwh. Steel use is projected to increase steadily in the coming years to meet the needs of our growing population. To produce a ton of steel in an electric arc furnace requires approximately 400 kilowatt-hours per short ton or about 440 kWh per metric tonne; the theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of scrap steel is 300 kWh (melting point 1520 °C/2768 °F). If steel is not used in a product, it is used in the production or shipment of products. The reason we keep using coal to make steel, using a process that hasn’t fundamentally changed in more than 100 years, is simple: it’s cheap. Typical additives are: nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium, or tungsten, depending on physical properties sought, e.g., anti-rust, light, tough, heat resistant, elastic, or cheap. By weight cement is the most widely used material globally. 721 million tons of coal per 1,400 million tons of steel. Let’s just say 1 ton of coal per ton of steel. 1 MW of wind turbine capacity requires 230 tons of coal for the steel. Coal is used as an energy source in cement production. Large amounts of energy are required to produce cement. Some perspective: if wind turbines were to supply half the world’s electricity, nearly 2 billion tons of coal would have to be consumed to produce the concrete and steel, along with 1.5 billion barrels of oil to make the composite blades. By the 11th century As a material, steel combines high tensile strength with low cost. Let’s just say 1 ton of coal per ton of steel. Coal on the way across BC to Asia. Making that currently burns through about 12 million tons of coal per year. Even though the average energy consumption to make a Ton of steel has gone from about 60 Million BTU's in the 1950's to under 10 Million BTU's today, the efficiency of the process still hovers at 60-80 percent, so there is still room for improvement. Primary production, in which steel is made from iron ore and aluminum from bauxite ore, is energy intensive. Fortunately, there are much lower-carbon ways to make steel already in use today and the technology for zero-carbon steel is already here. • In BOF steelmaking, the energy to produce steel is less than the energy to produce iron because scrap is melted in the process. Or you could drive 20 miles in a car. The steel everyday used by Americans could run a steel pipe line from New York to Los Angeles and then back to New York; Using recycled steel saves 74% of the energy opposed to producing them from raw ore. On average a little more than 9,000 steel cans are removed from landfills with a magnet every minute A three-megawatt wind turbine, for example, can deliver 80 times more energy over 20 years than is used in its production and maintenance materials. The primary energy requirements to produce 1 metric ton of austenitic stainless steel (with assumed metals concentrations of 18% Cr, 8% Ni, and 74% Fe) is (1) 53GJ, (2) 26GJ, and (3) 79GJ for each scenario, with CO To produce a ton of steel in an electric arc furnace requires approximately 400 kilowatt-hours (1.44 gigajoules) per short ton or about 440 kWh (1.6 GJ) per metric tonne; the theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of scrap steel is 300 kWh (1.09 GJ) (melting point 1,520 °C (2,768 °F)). Steel (from recycled steel): 6-15MJ (1,665 to 4,170 watt-hours). For example, the theoretical limit for making steel from hematite is around 7 GJ per tonne Fe but modern iron and steelmaking practice requires around 20 GJ per tonne. ThyssenKrupp produces 12 million tons of steel per year. You could heat nearly 3800 cups of water to this tepid temperature with only one gallon of gasoline! For an idea of scale, the worl… And that is aside from the constant feeding of fuel as coal in order to make energy. SEC. EAF average energy intensity is 7.33 GJ / tonne of CS. The steel sector relies on coal. For integrated steel production, including everything from melting the steel to products such as slabs and billets for the secondary manufacturing industry, making liquid steel takes up 70-80% of the energy used in the whole process. By product fuels in the steel plant are namely (i) coke oven (CO) gas, (ii) blast furnace (BF) gas, (iii) converter gas, (iv) coal tar fuel, and finer fractions of coke (nut coke and coke breeze). Therefore, the energy consumption represented by material waste is critical. Humanity’s use of materials is immense, growing and quite unequal between the rich and the poor. The EAF method, however, feeds recycled steel scrap through high-power electric arcs (with temperatures of up to 1,650 degrees Celsius) to melt the metal and convert it into high-quality steel. The goal therefore is a 75 per cent reduction in energy intensity. Aluminum (from 100 % recycled aluminum): 11.35-17MJ (3,150 to 4,750 watt-hours) Iron (from iron ore): 20-25MJ (5,550 to 6,950 watt-hours) Glass (from sand, etcetera): 18-35MJ (5,000 to 9,700 watt-hours) Steel (from iron): 20-50MJ (5,550 to 13,900 watt-hours) To be sure, the International Energy Agency says that by 2050, steel produced from green hydrogen will total less than 10%. By 2030, greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union are to be reduced by at least 40 percent compared the corresponding levels from 1990. Steel industry advocates would be quick to point out that plenty of the steel it produces is used within the renewable energy space and more than makes up for its carbon footprint over its lifetime. This is 120MJ (120x10 6 J). This steel can then be used to produce the tower for a wind turbine, but as you can see, each major step of the production chain for what we call primary steel is dependent on fossil fuels. By 2050, they are to be cut by as much as 80 to 95 percent. EAF reference value is 6.81 GJ / tonne of CS. There’s also quite a bit of energy use in the Bayer process (14.5GJ/tonne quoted below, equal to 4MWh/tonne, 4kWh/kg, but mostly as heat) that reduces bauxite to aluminium oxide: Large amounts of energy … For wind turbines, oil and natural gas are used to fabricate fiberglass blades, and coal is used to make steel and concrete. Table 2. But steel can be produced in much friendlier ways… Good example of greener steel production By Mark P. Mills Aug. 5, 2019 6:48 pm ET Democrats dream of powering society entirely with wind and solar farms combined with massive batteries.
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